Print screens como prova em casos de violência contra as mulheres; controvérsia jurídica

print screens prova violencia contra mulheres
As tecnologias de comunicação digital são constantemente utilizadas em nosso dia a dia. Se, em um passado recente, tudo o que se tinha eram cartas e ligações telefônicas, hoje temos aplicativos que permitem a comunicação instantânea entre pessoas localizadas em qualquer lugar do mundo, como os tão famosos Whatsapp, Telegram e Instagram.

Evidentemente, a comunicação entre casais e membros de uma família também se vale de tais mecanismos de conversa, que podem acabar sendo instrumentos de veiculação de ofensas, violências e tantas outras violações de direitos. É corriqueiro, nas delegacias de polícia de enfrentamento à violência contra as mulheres, que as comunicantes "provem" ao sistema de persecução penal que estão sendo vitimizadas mediante a apresentação de suas conversas com a pessoa agressora. Dessas conversas são feitas impressões de tela, popularmente conhecidas como print screens, que são juntados aos autos como elemento de convicção.

Essa praxe tem a vantagem de materializar ofensas e ameaças, além de outras frases que podem até mesmo, contextualizadas, indicar a prática de violência psicológica.

A persecução penal, como já tivemos oportunidade de anotar anteriormente, é extremamente baseada na prova de natureza pessoal, que é bastante difícil de se obter nas relações domésticas, na medida em que os crimes costumam se consumar dentro privacidade da relação íntima, sem testemunhas.

Por isso, a possibilidade de se ter uma prova documentada de uma violência parece tão atrativa aos operadores do sistema de persecução penal. Não obstante decisões recentes de tribunais estaduais e do Superior Tribunal de Justiça tenham colocado essa concepção em cheque, na medida em que os print screens têm tido sua validade questionada. A título de exemplo, no AgRg no RHC 133.430, o STJ considerou como prova ilícita o print screen de tela do Whatsapp Web, determinando o seu desentranhamento dos autos (AgRg no RHC 133.430/PE, relator ministro Nefi Cordeiro, 6° Turma, julgado em 23/2/2021, DJe 26/2/2021).

De fato, força concordar que essas impressões de tela constituem um elemento frágil. Em sendo um arquivo de imagem, pode facilmente ser alterado, havendo até mesmo aplicativos que têm por finalidade a criação de conversas falsas. Também é possível que trechos da conversa sejam apagados, e dessa forma a descontextualizando.

Há que se salientar, por oportuno, que eventual adulteração das impressões de tela não são muito diferentes das violações possíveis de serem feitas em quaisquer outros documentos eletrônicos.

Entretanto, não nos parece razoável desprezar pura e simplesmente essa forma de materialização de ofensas e ameaças contra as mulheres.

Entendemos que, antes de proibir de maneira prévia a utilização de possíveis provas digitais, correto seria que fossem criados mecanismos para se verificar a integridade desses elementos de prova.

Como mencionado, os casos de violência doméstica e familiar contra as mulheres em geral se dão na intimidade das casas, quase que na clandestinidade, na maioria das vezes sem a presença de qualquer testemunha. Tanto isso é notório que há precedentes do STJ no sentido de que a palavra da vítima deve ser especialmente valorada. Confira-se:

"AGRAVO REGIMENTAL NO RECURSO EM HABEAS CORPUS. MEDIDAS PROTETIVAS. LESÃO CORPORAL. VIOLÊNCIA DOMÉSTICA. EXCESSO DE PRAZO DO INQUÉRITO. TEMA NÃO APRECIADO NA ORIGEM. SUPRESSÃO DE INSTÂNCIA. ALEGAÇÃO DE INOCÊNCIA. REVOLVIMENTO FÁTICO-PROBATÓRIO. FALTA DE JUSTA CAUSA. NÃO OCORRÊNCIA. FUNDAMENTAÇÃO SUFICIENTE. NECESSIDADE DE SE RESGUARDAR A INTEGRIDADE FÍSICA DA VÍTIMA. PALAVRA DA OFENDIDA. ESPECIAL RELEVÂNCIA. DECISÃO MANTIDA. AGRAVO REGIMENTAL IMPROVIDO.

(...)

5 — Apresentada fundamentação concreta pela decisão que fixou as medidas protetivas, evidenciada na necessidade de se resguardar a integridade física da vítima, mulher, da violência doméstica, considerando-se, para tanto, a existência de indícios suficientes da prática de lesão corporal, especialmente pelas declarações prestadas pela vítima, tendo em vista também que a ofendida vem sendo vítima de ameaças e agressões por parte do requerido, não há ilegalidade.

6 — A jurisprudência desta Corte Superior orienta que, em casos de violência doméstica, a palavra da vítima tem especial relevância, haja vista que em muitos casos ocorre em situações de clandestinidade.

7 — Agravo regimental improvido" (AgRg no RHC 97.294/MG, relator ministro Nefi Cordeiro, 6° Turma, julgado em 09/10/2018, DJe 29/10/2018 — grifos das autoras).

A palavra da vítima deve ser corroborada por outros elementos de convicção, como testemunhas (ainda que indiretas), perícias e a extração de conversas de aplicativos de comunicação, seja pela via do print screen, seja pela apresentação de ata notarial, seja pela transcrição da conversa por policial. Essas duas últimas hipóteses parecem conferir ao elemento de convicção maior credibilidade, mas não são capazes de afastar a possibilidade de manipulação das conversas.

A juntada delas, portanto, deve ser valorada em confronto com os demais elementos de convicção angariados nos autos, sendo sempre possível a negativa da pessoa agressora, pugnando-se pela submissão da conversa a perícia.

Grande parte do trabalho da autoridade policial, sem abandonar a necessária imparcialidade na condução das investigações, refere-se à garantia de adequada coleta de elementos de convicção, zelando para que não sejam contaminados e possam ser utilizados no curso de eventual ação penal.

A autoridade policial deve, assim, orientar formalmente a comunicante da violência sobre a necessidade de manter as conversas firmadas para eventual submissão delas a perícia, caso haja impugnação.

Vale salientar que o STJ decidiu recentemente que a divulgação de conversas mantidas pelo aplicativo Whatsapp pode configurar dano indenizável pela quebra da privacidade e do sigilo das comunicações (REsp 1.903.273/PR, 3° Turma, relatora ministra Nancy Andrighi, j. 24/8/2021). A própria corte ressaltou, entretanto, que tal raciocínio não se pode aplicar à hipótese em que a exposição da mensagem tiver o propósito de resguardar um direito próprio do receptor, como fazer prova de ilícitos sofridos.

É sempre complexa a ponderação entre a proteção do direito das mulheres e as garantias procedimentais e materiais a que faz jus a pessoa agressora. Direitos fundamentais são, em essência, relativos, sendo por vezes necessário sopesá-los no caso concreto.

Assim, ideal seria que a utilização dessas impressões de tela fosse devidamente regulamentada a fim de se estabelecer os procedimentos que devam ser adotados para que se preserve a cadeia de custódia. Na falta dessa regulamentação, sugere-se que a prova seja preservada seja por meio de ata notarial em cartório ou até mesmo por sites especializados que prestam serviços de verificação de registro de elementos de provas digitais.

O que não se pode admitir é descartar absolutamente o uso de mensagens de enviadas vias Whatsapp como elementos de convicção em casos de violência contra as mulheres, por não ser medida que atenda à prioridade dada ao tema pela Constituição Federal.
_________________________________

*Fernanda Moretzsohn é delegada de polícia no Estado do Paraná, pós-graduada em Direito Público e pós-graduanda em Direito LGBTQ+.
*Patricia Burin é delegada de polícia no Estado de Santa Catarina, mestra em Direito Constitucional e pós-graduada em Segurança Pública e Criminologia.
Fonte: Conjur

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